劳动力成本、交易成本与产业结构升级

劳动力成本和交易成本会从不同方向对产业结构升级产生影响。劳动密集型产业或生产环节对劳动力成本比较敏感,劳动力成本的上升会促使这些产业或生产环节外迁,并推动本地企业更多地利用资本和技术替代劳动,从而推动产业结构由劳动密集型转变为资本和技术密集型;知识密集型产业或生产环节对交易成本比较敏感,即使劳动力成本高企,较低的交易成本也会吸引这些产业或生产环节移入,从而增加本地知识密集型产业或生产环节的比重。因此,劳动力成本的提高会推动区域产业结构升级,交易成本的降低则会诱导区域产业结构升级。     

基于“物的新农村”与“人的新农村”并进战略的“农村劳动力转移”新解

从建设"新农村"视角讨论农村劳动力转移研究中若干有分歧的问题。从本质上看,农村劳动力转移的对象是传统农村劳动者,而不是农村剩余劳动力。所谓农村劳动力转移,不仅指向城镇的转移,也包括向现代化农村的转移;不仅指向第二、三产业转移,也包括向现代化农业转移;不仅指农民向市民的转变,也包括传统农民向现代化农民的转变。农村劳动力转移是一个不断随着工农业现代化以及农民现代化的渐进过程。大力推进城镇化和工业化的同时,大力推进农业现代化,加强新农村建设,保证"物的新农村"和"人的新农村"协同并进,是推动农村劳动力有序、稳步转移的根本途径。     

农业劳动力转移对农业生产的影响研究

农业劳动力转移促进了农民增收并推动农村和城市经济社会发展,但也带来了农村劳动力资源流失问题.当转移劳动力边际生产率大于零时,转移会减少农村总产出.通过模型分析了农业劳动力转移对社会整体产出的影响,从农业劳动力转移数量应有合理规模的视角,对四川省这一劳动力转移和农业生产大省进行了实证研究,发现四川农业产出随转移数量变化呈现出分阶段特点,分析认为2004年是转折点,转移规模达到了合理水平,此后增加的转移量对农业生产影响较大,建议四川农业劳动力转移规模应得到合理控制,以确保粮食主产区的粮食安全.     

论劳务派遣向正式雇佣的转换

劳务派遣的超常发展背离了立法本意,产生严重的负面效应,其回归理性发展轨道的路径之一在于向正式雇佣转换。基于用工自由与社会公正相平衡、法律管制与放松管制相协调、劳务派遣的过渡性特征等政策考量,劳务派遣转正具有充分正当性。在法律管制升格的背景下,劳务派遣向正式雇佣转换成为刚性的要求,因之在法律上需提供转换进行的通道和规则指引。对超出法定适用范围的劳务派遣,可以强制性地法律拟制为在用工单位与劳动者之间成立直接劳动关系,但应以不违背劳动法理的方式进行。合理范围内的劳务派遣,亦可依当事人协商机制而转化为直接雇佣。     

我国种植业经营主体发展趋势

通过对欧美日等3种不同人地禀赋国家农业经营实践经验的总结,结合我国保障粮食安全和农民增收的政策目标以及人地禀赋特征,认为我国农业将呈现分化发展的趋势,表现为既有适度规模经营主体结合社会化服务组织经营粮棉油等土地利用型作物,降低成本,应对国际市场竞争;又有小规模农户利用合作组织经营蔬菜、水果等劳动密集型产品,挖掘农产品附加价值,提高收入水平。基于2007年和2012年全国农产品成本收益数据研究表明：土地利用型产品的单产和价格上升空间有限,提高经营规模是降低产品单位成本、增加农民收入的重要途径;劳动密集型产品在无法提高经营规模的情况下,通过产后商品化处理、品牌化建设,提高产品附加值的潜力较大。     

Babes in tech land: expo labor as capitalist technology’s erotic body

This article investigates the tech industry practice of hiring “booth babes”—female models costumed in erotic outfits—to introduce new technologies at expos. My research identifies a gendered industrial logic that simultaneously sexualizes promotional spectacles while undervaluing women who create them. Challenging industrial ideologies that view booth babe labor as outside of the tech industry, I engage first in a discourse analysis of job calls for tradeshow modeling gigs, gray literature that evidences not only their industrial presence but also the values that tech companies place on their work. I then turn to their labor conditions, as conveyed through ethnographic interviews with tradeshow models, before drawing connections between booth babe work and other forms of post-Fordist labor. Finally, I propose that the utility of booth babes to the tech industry stems from their enactment of “promosexuality,” a set of corporate erotics oriented toward capitalist promotion.     

劳动的社会价值测度研究

当今，知识和信息技术的价值化和产业化使得一般人类劳动出现了体力劳动和脑力劳动的分化，且有不同的价值体现，故马克思提出的简单劳动和复杂劳动需要重新定义，将体力劳动定义为简单劳动，脑力劳动定义为复杂劳动。简单劳动是一次耗费，一次凝结并物化到劳动产品的价值中，而复杂劳动是整体或连续性的凝结到知识及与知识相关的产品中。简单劳动和复杂劳动的价值测度模型表明：在完美市场状态下，如果简单劳动的社会劳动生产率提高，那么复杂劳动者的价值也会相应提高。据此，我国要建立健全劳动力市场，就要注重劳动的平等性，对于复杂劳动要建立长效的报酬机制，鼓励创新和社会价值的提升；对于简单劳动要建立充分的竞争机制，给予简单劳动者二次分配后的社会福利与收入补贴。     

“But we still try”: affective labor in the corporate mommy blog

This article studies three “mommy blogs,” online platforms catering to (in these cases) American mothers of various sub-demographics, through an affective labor framework. Using digital labor and Althusserian subject formation to inform my reading of the common rhetorical gestures made in these blogs, I ask how they conceive of their readership and contributors. I argue that mommy blogs should be understood as sites of digital labor because of the ways in which their publishing conditions and rhetorics establish labored expectations of the “mommy” subject. Contestations of the nature of affective labor in motherhood are reflected by anxieties around digital labor, which play out via ideological conflicts that manifest rhetorically in the blogs under discussion. This analysis is informed by affect theory, Althusser and Butler’s work on subject formation, and the existing feminist literature on digital labor and the mommy blog.     

Expediting youth's entry into employment whilst overlooking precariousness: Flexi‐employability and disciplinary activation in Hong Kong

With an emphasis placed on supply‐side interventions such as skills training and incentives enhancement, active labor market polices (ALMPs) are strongly promoted by international organizations and widely adopted across different welfare regimes to boost employment rates. This article first presents the under‐examined relationship between ALMPs and employment precariousness, which has posed a challenge to the neoliberal notion of employability and activation. Youth‐focused employment policies tend to speed up employment entry whilst downplaying the risk of precariousness and the importance of job quality, and thus further reinforcing the belief that engaging in precarious employment is tolerable if not inevitable. The article then examines the case of Hong Kong, which illustrates that its relatively low rate of youth unemployment may conceal the unfavorable employment conditions confronted by youth. It is argued that the service‐led employment policies and short‐term vocational training define the employability of young workers in terms of labor flexibilities. The coined phase of “flexi‐employability” is characterized by promoting youth's readiness for, and adaptability to, the volatilities and changing demands of the labor market. Arguably, the disciplinary approach to youth activation would only strengthen the work‐first principle by enforcing young people to take up jobs available and leave welfare as soon as possible, but without thoroughly addressing the risks and insecurities generated by the labor market in undermining their well‐being.     

The politics of leisure and labor mobilities: discourses of tourism and transnational migration in Central Java,Indonesia

This article presents narratives and tropes of transnational tourism from a less considered perspective: rural migrant-origin villagers of Central Java. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Cilacap and Yogyakarta, I analyze how and why some former temporary labor migrants depict their typically harsh experiences in terms of tourism and leisure. Addressing the tendency in current research to approach labor migration and tourism as mutually exclusive or unrelated class categories and experiences, I consider the ways in which former migrants and non-migrant villagers evaluate or identify labor migration in terms of gender, class, religious, and ethno-national subjectivities associated with ‘tourist’ and/or ‘migrant’ categories. Popular and commercial imaginations of leisure travel and tourism importantly shape the subjectivities and positionalities of precarious labor migrants. Foregrounding the relations between tourism and labor migration reveals the multi-scalar ways in which associated discourses and infrastructures of both mutually shape and constitute global socio-economic inequalities.